Speech Analysis Corporate Communications

Question: Examine about the Speech Analysis for Corporate Communications. Answer: Presentation: If there should arise an occurrence of any open discourse, it is basic that the speaker can ingrain reverence and motivate wonder in the psyches of the audience members. The discourse should indelibly affect the psyche of the audience members, so they can be convinced to act as per what the speaker advises them to do. While Hilary Clinton was being named for the Presidential appointment of the US, as an agent of the Democratic Party, she was being required to offer a discourse to persuade people in general to cast a ballot her and pick her over Trump. Henceforth, it is imperative to investigate the talk style of Clinton to fathom the manner in which it had motivated and impacted the majority the evening of December, 2016. While conveying any discourse, Ethos is a significant angle that encourages the speaker to persuade the audience members that whatever she is stating is inalienably evident and worth mulling over. In the discourse of Clinton, it isn't simply her certain appearance or only keen motion or even the persuasive last name that motivates trust in the majority. Or maybe the speaker receives an articulately convincing style (Jay). She begins her discourse by acknowledging Obama, rather than educating the individuals regarding her own mastery. She attentively decides to respect the previous President, the individual from her own gathering, and in this way while remaining humble before general society, she effectively persuades them about the decency and solid administration of the Republic Party. This aides in making her success believability without a moment's delay. Furthermore, Hilary Clinton continues utilizing the word we, advertisement states how we, the comrades together will take Ameri ca to a fresh start (Gallo). This enables the speaker to frame enthusiastic compatibility with the audience members. Indeed, even while censuring Donald Trump for wising to isolate USA from the remainder of the world the speaker says He needs to partition us . This causes her structure a nearby relationship with the audience members, and makes them mindful how the adage of the Democratic Party is lined up with the interests of the general population. While the component of influence is a significant viewpoint in an open discourse, a speaker ought to have the option to sincerely associate with and offer to the psyches of the crowds. This quality is known as Pathos (Coopman). In the discourse of Hilary Clinton, Hilary continues utilizing the word we and our and us that encourages her discourse bring out confidence and sympathy in the brains of the crowd. Clinton was very much aware that she was originating from a powerful family, and subsequently the crowd may have tough time in shaping a passionate associate with her. This is the reason the speaker clarifies how she herself has originated from a customary family, battling its approach to progress. She clarifies how it is just through solidarity and common love, has her family had the option to guarantee great life for the individuals. So as to summon a forceful enthusiastic reaction in the audience members, in a narrating style, the speaker portrays scenes describing how she has h elped the youngsters with incapacities that had gone to her looking for her money related help and mental help (Wang). The manner by which she depicts in incredible detail referencing the age and name of the youngsters she has helped, and what has propelled her to do as such, imparts wonderment in the crowds mind. Logos is similarly significant as it enables the speaker to convince the crowd by giving them adequate intelligent clarifications for the equivalent (Dlugan). Hilary Clinton effectively utilizes real models whereby she alludes to how her gathering has functioned for the Childrens Defense Fund, while likewise alluding to genuine instances of the people profited, for example, Ryan Moore and Lauren Manning. She likewise alludes to individuals like Lauren and Debbie, who had been harmed in the 9/11 assault and had been in this way profited by the social government assistance projects of Hilary Clinton. Once more, the point of vision is a significant trait that is likewise present in the discourse of Hilary Clinton. She attempts her best to introduce her perspective with respect to how the standard of her rival Donald Trump would just realize obscurity and vulnerability in the US. In any open discourse, the edge of vision of the speaker ought to essentially expect to line up with the thought processes and interests of people in general. Be that as it may, this is here does Clinton pass up a major opportunity quite a bit of her chance to persuade the crowd (Baccarani). Despite the fact that she presents her edge of vision, by talking about how her gathering and she herself has been engaged with various open government assistance exercises, she neglects to feature the imperfections of Donald Trump. To finish up, it ought to be recollected that Hilary Clinton embraces an exceptionally convincing and articulate style that causes her structure a passionate interface with the audience members. Despite the fact that her discourse can't be viewed as immaculate, it blends feelings and move wonderment among the crowd. Reference List: Jay, Samuel M. The Capable American: Ethos, Pathos, and the Governance of Education.Rhetoric in Neoliberalism. Springer International Publishing, 2017. 87-107. Dlugan, Andrew. Ethos, poignancy, logos: 3 mainstays of open speaking.Six Minutes. Last altered September2 (2013). Coopman, Stephanie J., and James Lull.Public speaking: The developing workmanship. Cengage Learning, 2014. Baccarani, Claudio, and Angelo Bonfanti. Compelling open talking: a reasonable structure in the corporate-correspondence field.Corporate Communications: An International Journal20.3 (2015): 375-390. Wang, Xueyu. Offers to Ethos and Pathos in Post-Crisis Communication: A Case Study of Press Conferences Handling Tianjin Blasts.International Journal of English Linguistics6.1 (2016): 100. Gallo, Carmine.Talk Like TED: The 9 Public Speaking Secrets of the World's Top Minds. Skillet Macmillan, 2014. Hillary Clinton's DNC Speech. https://www.politico.com/story/2016/07/full-text-hillary-clintons-dnc-discourse 226410: Politico Staff, 2016. video.

Yes to Guns! No to Gun Control!

Truly to firearms! No to firearm control! Forbidding Guns Cannot Prevent School Shootings! Envision yourself at the area of the Virginia Tech shooting. You cover up under the work area that you were sitting at calmly just minutes back. Weapon shots ring however the air as you sit nestled into the virus floor, pondering who the following casualty of the abhorrent frenzy will be. Don’t you wish you could have had a firearm at this time? Don’t you wish you had an approach to protect yourself against the killer? Since we can't return in time, we can't know how contrastingly the Virginia Tech shooting could have turned out in the event that one of the casualties had a gun.We can, in any case, examine this and other acts of mass violence to perceive how they could have been extraordinary. Thirty-one states presently have laws permitting hid handguns for grown-ups with no criminal record or history of mental issue. The reason for disguised convey has become over the previous d ecade or two. An ever increasing number of individuals are acknowledging the amount of a positive contrast permitting firearms can truly make. Prohibiting firearms on grounds doesn’t ensure understudies. Or maybe, the arrangement just jeopardizes the individuals who are sufficiently moral to follow the law.Outlaws are the main ones who will have weapons if firearms are banned. This implies crooks will have weapons, and honest regular citizens won't. Understudies and educators ought to be permitted to convey disguised handguns on school grounds. In 1997 in Pearl Mississippi, a shooter was halted by an associate head who had recovered a firearm from his vehicle. Since he was not permitted to carry his firearm into the school, the associate chief couldn't stop the shooting prior. In the event that he would have been permitted to carry his weapon into the school, the lives of the shot understudies could have been saved.In Edinboro, Pennsylvania, in 1998, a bystander halted a shoo ter who was reloading his firearm by pointing a shotgun at him until the police showed up. In the event that it were not for this non military personnel, the shooter would have had the option to wrap up his firearm and proceed with his slaughter. On the off chance that an individual bearing a firearm had not been on the scene at both of these shootings, considerably more harm could have been finished by the shooters. Sharp-disapproved of regular people with weapons, be that as it may, were available at both of those acts of mass violence. Without anybody in any event, discharging a shot, both of these catastrophes were kept from turning out to be worse.For a later model, consider the Virginia Tech shooting. Clearly, there was no understudy or instructor with a firearm at the area of the shooting. As I expressed previously, we can't know whether the catastrophe could have turned out contrastingly on the off chance that somebody would have shot the shooter. We can coherently perceive how the catastrophe could have been forestalled by an understudy with a weapon, however. Envision if an understudy or instructor would have threatened to use a weapon on and shot the Seung-Hui Cho before he started shooting individuals in the study hall. Many lives could have been spared by that immediately thought action.There is no likelihood that somebody with a covered firearm would have been on the scene, in any case, in light of the fact that hid weapons are not permitted on the Virginia Tech grounds. Practically any mass shooting could be forestalled by a brisk deduction non military personnel with a hid firearm. Since one of the measures for claiming a disguised convey grant is that the proprietor must be to some degree capable at shooting, there is a decent possibility that a deadly heavy weapons specialist could be halted by one shot. Restricting covered handguns truly doesn’t secure anyone.If an individual is determined to slaughtering somebody, or is resolved to e xecuting a mass of individuals, he will do it. Somebody who is happy to conflict with the law and slaughter somebody, or murder various individuals, wouldn't fret conflicting with the law about conveying a weapon on a grounds. Furthermore, regardless of whether a killer doesn't bring a firearm onto grounds, there are numerous different approaches to murder somebody, for example, a blade, homerun stick, or even exposed hands. Weapons themselves truly aren’t the issue, truth be told, â€Å"Guns aren’t awful things or beneficial things. They’re things, lifeless things, and pieces of metal with no will of their own. So if individuals keen on killing will kill, individuals who will be the casualties of the killer ought to have some approach to guard themselves. The most ideal route for an individual to safeguard themselves against an aggressor is a firearm, just in light of the fact that it is so dangerous. In an investigation that dissected the connection between d isguised handgun laws and crime percentages somewhere in the range of 1977 and 1995, the impact of those laws was unmistakably observed. In those 19 years, expresses that passed laws permitting hid convey firearms saw a 84% decrease in various casualty shootings.In expansion, after hid convey laws had been set up for a long time, murders diminished by at any rate 15%. A few people say that we can't confide in regular folks with covered handguns in mass-firing circumstances since they may shoot an honest onlooker rather than the killer. As I expressed previously, nonetheless, one of the rules for getting a disguised convey license is that the proprietor must be to some degree capable at shooting. There is a little possibility that somebody with a hid handgun would fire an inappropriate individual in a space the size of a study hall. Others fight that little contentions could transform into shooting battles.I can perceive any reason why a portion of my rivals would think this, yet ind ividuals are similarly prone to shoot each other over little contentions as they are to choke one another or cut one another. One of the necessities for a disguised convey license proprietor is, as I expressed prior, that the person is intellectually solid. Individuals who are directly in their brains won't endeavor to murder somebody with whom they have a minor contradiction. Furthermore, if an individual is set on executing another, they will figure out how to do it. As indicated by Craig Medred, editorial manager of the â€Å"Outdoors† magazine, â€Å"The issue isn’t the weapon of decision, it’s the anger.It doesn’t have any effect whether an executioner has a firearm, a blade, or a crowbar. Firearms are utilized protectively 2. 5 million times each year. There has been many occasions over the previous decades that different casualty shootings are forestalled by regular people with disguised weapons. Since there are individuals who are keen on slaught ering others, the casualties should have a viable strategy for safeguarding themselves. In particular, they ought to have the option to safeguard themselves with a weapon. Forbidding firearms doesn’t really ensure anyone, so individuals ought to be permitted to convey a disguised weapon on the off chance that they wish. Numerous lives could be spared whenever disguised handguns were permitted on school grounds.

Whats New in Turabian 9th Edition

What’s New in Turabian 9th Edition (5) Attention, Turabian lovers! Earlier this year, the 9th edition of A Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, otherwise known as “Turabian,” was launched and listed new guidelines for formatting citations. We at , carefully reviewed the updates and identified two important changes we believe you need to know before jumping in to write your next research paper. Keep in mind that Turabian style is a companion to Chicago Manual of style. The changes in the 9th edition of Turabian reflect the changes published in the 17th edition of the Chicago Manual of Style. Like Chicago style, Turabian has two distinct types of citation formatting rules: Author-Date and Note-Bibliography. Always check with your instructor if you are unsure of which type to use in your paper. Changes in Author-Date Style The publication year can now be repeated in some types of citations.   The year can now be repeated in citations that include the publication month and day. Jennings, Ralph. 2018. “Taiwans Once Mighty High-Tech Sector Is Falling Behind Because of Low Pay.”  Forbes, February 15, 2018. Accessed April 23, 2018.  https://www.forbes.com/sites/ralphjennings/2017/04/23/taiwans-once-mighty-high-tech-sector-is-falling-behind-because-of-low-pay/#69ad9e867b43 Changes in Notes-Bibliography Style The treatment of a title in website citations now depends on the website. If the website has a print counterpart, such as the website for a newspaper, the title should be in italics. If it does not, it should not be in italics. Examples: The New York Times Gizmodo Use of “ibid.” is no longer encouraged. Ibid is the abbreviated version of the Latin word ibidem, meaning “in the same place.” Previously, if you used the same source two times or more in a note, you could use ibid instead of re-listing the same information. Now, according to the new 9th edition, you should include a shortened footnote citation. To avoid repetition, the title of a work that has just been cited may be left out. Middlekauff,  Glorious Revolution, 401â€"2. 2. Middlekauff, 433. 3. Jacobs,  Women in Africa, 37â€"38. 4. Jacobs, 201â€"2. If you have Chicago style citing needs, give EasyBib Plus a try. In addition to having a footnotes tool, access thousands of citation styles including APA format, MLA style, and more!

Underground Railroads And The Underground Railroad

Underground railroads were a network of secret routes and safe houses used during the 19th century slaves from African descent that were in the United States, and wanted escape to the free states and Canada. The safe houses located on these routes were run by abolitionists and people that were sympathetic towards slaves. The Underground Railroad reached its height during the 1850s and 1860s. It’s difficult to determine how many people actually traveled the routes and made it to freedom, but it is estimated that somewhere around 100,000 slaves journeyed along these paths. It is unfortunate however, that not many people of this 100,000 made it to freedom. There were just around 5,000 recorded cases of runaway slaves, and only about 1,000 a year made it to safety during the peak of this time. The lives of many slaves were horrendous during the early America’s, so many of them sought refuge in the Underground Railroad where they dealt with even dirtier, more dangerous cond itions. However, this helped thousands of slaves successfully reach freedom and helped create one of the biggest slave movements of the 1800s. How it all began. In 1786, George Washington complained one of his runaway slaves was helped by a â€Å"society of Quakers, formed for such purposes.† Before long, by 1831, the system grew into what is now the Underground Railroad. Many people think the Underground Railroad had something to do with paths that were once railroad tracks or something, but that is not theShow MoreRelatedThe Underground Railroad Is Not Like The Railroad1387 Words   |  6 PagesThe Underground Railroad is not like the railroads that we see today, they were not made of box cars and rails. They were routes that the slaves took to get to freedom, these railways were built or used in late 1786 to 1865. They went from as far west as Kansas, and Texas and as far south as Florida, they all were made to go north to Canada, or to Mexico, or the Caribbean Islands where slavery is illegal. This was an impossible task for the slaves to do on their own. There were many factors on howRead MoreHarriet Tubman An d The Underground Railroad1416 Words   |  6 PagesHarriet Tubman did much to ameliorate, and later, abolish slavery. Harriet was a strong and courageous woman and a well-known conductor of the Underground Railroads, around the 1850s. Harriet Tubman personal experiences throughout her life have shaped her to become the stout-hearted woman who helped many slaves escape to freedom, by using the Underground Railroad—a network of secret routes. As described in the novel â€Å"In their own words: Harriet Tubman,† Sullivan introduces varies hard-ships that HarrietRead MoreHarriet Tubman And The Underground Railroad832 Words   |  4 PagesHarriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad Harriet Tubman was like a conductor on a train. Running the underground railroad to free innocent slaves from certain neglect. What do people think when they hear the name Harriet Tubman. some might think of her as a dirty black others might call her a hero, or moses. Harriet Tubman was a very brave, and courageous woman. In this paper we will explore the childhood, life of slavery, and how she came to be known as the women called moses. Araminta wasRead MoreUnderground Railroad - Original Writing1058 Words   |  5 PagesUnderground Railroad Junior Year in College Prep English they play this game called Underground Railroad. It is supposed to put you back when slaves had to go to safe houses and not be caught by the bounty hunters. I don t remember who all was on my team but each team had about 10 people, only 3 of us made it. It first started off with a puzzle that you have to put together in order to get an address. It said 108 S. Main St. We get to the house and ring the doorbell, no answer. The house looks vacantRead MoreThe Truth Behind The Underground Railroad1281 Words   |  6 Pages The Truth behind the Underground Railroad Ronald Payne Central High School November 9, 2015 2nd Period â€Æ' Abstract Many people know of the famous slave system called The Underground Railroad. Throughout this generations time in school this topic have came up numerous times in our history classes. They mostly talk about the surface of the system and how, the most famous conductor, Harriett Tubman freed the slaves. This essay is important because it will provide you with in depth knowledge andRead MoreThe Underground Railroad Movement Of The South855 Words   |  4 Pagesbefore they where stoped by the militia forces. the 1780 a movement had started called the underground railroad. The purpose of the underground railroad was to free slaves from the south. There were blacks and whits apart of the underground railroad. In the 1830 the underground railroad was moving, somewhere between 40,000- 100,000 slaves were set free. Harriet tubman was one of the leaders of the underground rail road. She would travel to the south to get the slaves and help led them to freedom. Read More The Underground Railroad: Escaping Slavery Essays818 Words   |  4 Pages The Underground Railroad was what many slaves used to escape slavery. It was not an actual railroad, although it could easily be compared to one. It was a route, with safe houses and many other hiding spots for the slaves to use. The paths had conductors telling you where to go and people who would drive you to the next safe house. You had to be quick, you had to be strong, and you had to be very courageous. The Underground Railroad led all the way to Canada. There were many people helping the slavesRead MoreThe Underground Railroad : The United States History1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe Underground Railroad is a popular topic in United States history, but many of the stories told about it are more myth than fact. Quilts have been often used as a symbol in children s picture books to further the understanding of one of the darkest periods of United States history: slavery. Parents and teachers have eagerly embraced these illustrated books as a way to understand and teach past turmo il. Many of these books suggest that people who participated in the Underground Railroad used quiltsRead MoreSigns, Symbols and Signals of the Underground Railroad Essay3216 Words   |  13 PagesSigns, Symbols and Signals of the Underground Railroad A journey of hundreds of miles lies before you, through swamp, forest and mountain pass. Your supplies are meager, only what can be comfortably carried so as not to slow your progress to the Promised Land – Canada. The stars and coded messages for guidance, you set out through the night, the path illuminated by the intermittent flash of lightning. Without a map and no real knowledge of the surrounding area, your mind races before youRead MoreThe Underground Railroad2038 Words   |  9 PagesThe Underground Railroad was the name of the network that was used by enslaved African Americans. It consisted of very intricate routes that were used so that those moving along its path could lose pursuers traveling under the guise of darkness and staying in safe houses during the day. The goal of the railroad was to get the slaves from the South to the Free states and to Canada where slavery was prohibited. A slave knew that once they crossed the border into any one of the Free state s that they

What Is a Quota Sample in Sociology

A quota sample is  a type of non-probability sample in which the researcher selects people according to some fixed standard. That is, units are selected into a sample on the basis of pre-specified characteristics so that the total sample has the same distribution of characteristics assumed to exist in the population being studied. For example, if you are a researcher conducting a national quota sample, you might need to know what proportion of the population is male and what proportion is female, as well as what proportions of each gender fall into different age categories, categories of race and ethnicity, and level of education, among others. If you collected a sample with the same proportions as these categories within the national population, you would have a quota sample. How to Make a Quota Sample In quota sampling, the researcher aims to represent the major characteristics of the population by sampling a proportional amount of each. For example, if you wanted to obtain a proportional quota sample of 100 people based on gender, you would need to start with an understanding of the man/woman ratio in the larger population. If you found the larger population includes 40 percent women and 60 percent men, you would need a sample of 40 women and 60 men, for a total of 100 respondents. You would start sampling and continue until your sample reached those proportions and then you would stop. If you had already included 40 women in your study, but not 60 men, you would continue to sample men and discard any additional women respondents because you have already met your quota for that category of participants. Advantages Quota sampling is advantageous in that it can be fairly quick and easy to assemble a quota sample locally, which means it has the benefit of time-saving within the research process. A quota sample can also be achieved on a low budget because of this. These features make quota sampling a useful tactic for field research. Drawbacks Quota sampling has several drawbacks. First, the quota frame—or the proportions in each category—must be accurate. This is often difficult because it can be hard to find up-to-date information on certain topics. For example, U.S. Census data is often not published until well after the data was collected, making it possible for some things to have changed proportions between data collection and publication. Second, the selection of sample elements within a given category of the quota frame may be biased even though the proportion of the population is accurately estimated. For instance, if a researcher set out to interview five people who met a complex set of characteristics, he or she might introduce bias into the sample by avoiding or including certain people or situations. If the interviewer studying a local population avoided going to homes that looked particularly run-down or visited only homes with swimming pools, for example, their sample would be biased. An Example of the Quota Sampling Process Let’s say that we want to understand more about the career goals of students at University X. In particular, we want to look at the differences in career goals between freshmen, sophomores, juniors, and seniors to examine how career goals might change over the course of a college education. University X has 20,000 students, which is our population. Next, we need to find out how our population of 20,000 students is distributed among the four class categories that we are interested in. If we discover that there are 6,000 freshmen students (30 percent), 5,000 sophomore students (25 percent), 5,000 junior students (25 percent), and 4,000 senior students (20 percent), this means that our sample must also meet these proportions. If we want to sample 1,000 students, this means that we must survey 300 freshmen, 250 sophomores, 250 juniors, and 200 seniors. We would then continue to randomly select these students for our final sample.

Firing an Employee Free Essays

Week One Assignment Terrence Rice In any situation when it comes to a supervision position it takes face to face communication with the employee. From previous experience I have done all the things described in the assignment. There was an employee named David I had to terminate because of cutbacks in the company. We will write a custom essay sample on Firing an Employee or any similar topic only for you Order Now Here is how I handled that situation; David can you come to my office please? When he arrived I told him, you remember in the staff meeting we discussed how many jobs were going to be cut from the company and it would go by hire date. So your number came up during the time frame so due to company policy I have to give you your pink slip take it to the unemployment office and you can get your unemployment. I also remember when the economy was in good shape and I welcomed David to the company. Jennifer the main secretary presented him to me and I said, Welcome to R R transportation, my name is Terrence Rice and I am your supervisor. David paused as I held my hand out as we shook hands I told him what he was responsible for and how we did things. I personally trained him and released him to be on his own. When they told us the company was selling out to another company I wrote due to the process the company is going through and my disagreement with the process I must submit my two week notice and advise the owners of my resignation effective Oct. 12th, 2002. How to cite Firing an Employee, Essay examples

Practical Life Essay free essay sample

Absorbent Mind writes that â€Å"the hands are instruments of man’s intelligence†. It is therefore critical that children develop the ability to control and coordinate their hand muscle so that these can come into contact with the environment in intelligent ways. Discuss the principles underlining the practical life exercises and how it fosters independence in children. Introduction A child in the first six years becomes a full member of her particular culture and family group absorbing language, attitudes, manners and values of those in which she comes in daily contact. A child develops properly if they are in an environment full of affection, love, caring and support. They feel comfortable and safe when they find a secure and lovable environment. Children learn according to their abilities. In the first six years of life they do this by imitating those around them. To support this we should provide them a physical and social environment suitable for them. We should provide the children with the tools they can create by themselves. Children are able to explore, investigate and fulfil the natural curiosity about the world around them. The childs purposes are not to complete the task as much as to construct the self. In addition, Dr Maria Montessori developed her philosophy of education based upon actual observations of children. She said children prefer work than play, and they can only be in their natural self, when their natural self is satisfied through work. It’s also through work they acquire independence, order, the power of concentration and be normalized. Exercises of Practical Life were introduced and were recognized at the very heart of Montessori Education for it provides the opportunity for the child’s development of physical co-ordination, social skills, emotional growth as well as cognitive preparation. Practical Life Activities are the first activities the child is introduced to within the Montessori environment. These exercises are prepared based on activities children witnesses in their day to day life. That is why children can immediately satisfy their inner needs and desires by mastering these exercises independently. Also Practical Life area allows children to do the things what adults do every day, for example cleaning, dressing or greeting people. As we know that children construct their knowledge by themselves through their life exercises. Motive of Practical Life Exercises Practical Life Curriculum area has four main direct aims; Order, Co-ordination, independence and Concentration. Dr Maria Montessori observed that children need order at a specific sensitive period in their development. I f not provided during this period the opportunity is foregone. A routine is very important as well as a place for everything and everything in its place. This offers the child for orderly self construction. Co-ordination refers to coordinating large and small muscle movements as well as eye-hand co-ordination that reflect the respective development of child’s mental life. In the practical life exercise of Montessori they learns to concentrate, to develop the fine-gross motor skills-i. e. controlling the muscle, to develop language, to develop the mathematical concepts, they will be good in care of environment, they will be good in logical steps and they are ready to complete the cycle of activity. This is will be the good basement for the children not only in the early childhood, but throughout in life. â€Å"If teaching  is to be effective with young children, it must assist them to advance on the way to independence. It must initiate them into those kinds of activities, which they can perform themselves. We must help them to learn how to walk without assistance, to run, to go up and down the stairs, to pick up fallen objects, to dress and undress, to wash themselves, to express their needs, and to attempt to satisfy their desires through their own efforts. All this is part of an education for independence. † The Discovery of the Child by Maria Montessori MM, pg. 56~57 By giving the exercise of practical life in his early years of the child, he goes through a period when he wants to or likes to learn to do all the work he sees the adult doing. At first, he likes to learn the works at home. This age will pass, but if it is used, the child will know how to do everything well in the home environment. He will grow intellectually. It requires real intelligence to run a modern home. The indirect aim of Practical life exercise is to meet the child’s needs, to encourage and facilitate development, and to facilitate the childs adaptation to the world. It is very important that the child is given freedom to do these exercises at a time the child pleases; he should be allowed to try, make mistakes and correct his mistakes by himself without any help. The satisfaction of completing an activity drives the child towards independence. Man achieves his independence by making efforts. To be able to do a thing without any help from others: this is independence. If it exists, the child can progress rapidly; if it does not, his progress will be slow The Absorbent Mind, chapter. XIV, pg 155 The power of Concentration is one of the most calming activities for a child. This is something which is controlled by the child and it challenges his body and his mind. With concentration the child is able to focus on purposeful work. I’ve witnessed to the concentration that my 3 and half year old niece had for folding her little brothers’ nappies. The pile of nappies was two times bigger than her, I thought, she would be bored and leave, but for my amazement after 45 minutes I could see that she has folded all nappies very neatly and have kept one on top of another and was ready to be placed in the drawers. Within the Montessori classroom deep concentration can be acquired through the ‘Silence Game†. To achieve silence requires effort and the attention of the will, and maximum control of self-consciousness of every movement. Montessori thought of the silence lesson as a means for bringing children to this higher level of spiritual awareness. Practical Life Exercises aid the child in his journey towards normalization As a result of learning Practical Life Exercises in the Montessori environment, the child starts to develop confidence, self-esteem, he grow towards independence, mutual aid and co-operation, profound spontaneous concentration, attachment to reality and most importantly childs joy of learning is supreme. All these help the child to lead towards normalization. The normalized children possess a unique character and personality not recognized in young children. Children needs a carefully prepared environment It is important to provide the child an environment to work on activities of their own choice at their own pace experiencing freedom and self discipline while developing towards independence. Even though materials in Practical Life area are the least standardized, exercises needs to be carefully thought and designed. A prepared environment should consist of purposeful and meaningful materials and properly trained instructors. When preparing materials the teacher needs to consider few principles of the Montessori Practical Life materials which satisfy Childs’ development needs. Firstly she needs to make sure that each material we give the child should have a definite purpose, for an example the mat is laid to mark the area of his workstation, handling the spoon develops child’s skill of spooning which leads to independence. Secondly materials should progress from simple to more complex design and usage. As a preliminary exercise for transferring solid objects we could give the child a spoon and later, it could progress to tweezers, chopsticks. Also it should be designed to prepare the child indirectly for future learning’s such as writing, mathematics and scientific concepts. We prepare the child for wiring by teaching them the pincer grip, using thumb, index and middle fingers to hold objects and by left to right and top to bottom concepts, so that these orders naturally incarnates in the child’s mind. The mathematical concepts such as judgement of capacity and volume, division, calculation and exactness includes in activities of spooning, pouring and sweeping. The activity, transferring water using a sponge gives the child the scientific concept of weight. The child could feel the weight of the sponge defers when the water is absorbed and when the water is released. Dr. Maria Montessori said, â€Å"Each individual should become aware of his own errors. Each should have a means of checking, so that he can tell if he is right or not. † Absorbent Mind, Chapter XXIV, pg 247 So she included the path to perfection, which she called â€Å"the Control of Error† within the materials itself so the child would be able to observe the activity he completes and understand his own mistakes. If a child has finished working on the dressing frame with large buttons, and he can see that buttons has gone through wrong buttonholes or buttoning halfway or seeing only half of the button come up the flap, these would be his control of errors. He has the opportunity to guide himself to correct his own mistakes. â€Å"Never help a child with a task at which he feels he can succeed. †-Maria Montessori. Furthermore when preparing the activity in the Montessori classroom the directress need to make sure that all materials are kept together in a basket or a tray and grouped accordingly to the level of development. The activity should have its unique location and be reachable to the child so that the child could use the materials of their own choice and return the exercise, leading to independence and self-discipline. Also it is important to be providing attractive and clean child friendly and child size materials. Each activity should be limited in quantity. In a Montessori classroom the directress plays a major role. She needs to be properly trained, be a good role model and she should be able to develop and maintain a happy and rewarding teacher-child relationship. The first essential is that the teacher should go thru an inner, spiritual preparation – cultivate certain aptitudes in the moral order. The teacher’s prime objectives are to maintain order in the prepared environment, facilitate the development of the child, and encourage independence and self-sufficiency. Practical life activities can be divided into the following 4 categories: Exercises in each of these categories provide the opportunity to do purposeful work and are designed to teach the child life skills, so that they may become confident to do their daily chores at home. Care of the self: includes activities such as hand washing, dressing, and personal hygiene. These activities embody the foundations of self-esteem. The exercises are designed to provide the child skills need for his sole independence. In order to gain independence, the child needs to establish will and discipline in order. The child needs to build himself and learn to take care of himself * Care of the environment: includes activities such as washing chairs, dusting, raking leaves, cooking, feeding animals, watering plants, composting, re cycling and job time at the end of the day. These activities promote the beginnings of community awareness and embody the foundations of an ecological ethic. They learn that they are a part of the environment and learn to respect and develop a sense of responsibility towards the environment. Also the child will gradually learn how to gain greater control of his gross motor movements so that he would be able perform more complex tasks later on. Some of the activities such as washing of a table can be carried out as a group task, which helps the child to be socialized. Social relations and courtesy: Maria Montessori called these exercises Grace and Courtesy. They include developing skills in greeting visitors, participating in a conversation, self-assertion, resolving conflicts, initiating and maintaining friendships. These exercises are focused on developing will power, establish a proper posture, greet people, excuse one and interrupt when necessary. Maria Montessori considers the Social Grace and Courtesy activities as the mo st important exercises in the practical life curriculum. She felt that when children are first brought into a Montessori classroom, emphasis must be placed on social grace exercises. * Development of Motor Skills: this includes many exercises involving hand/eye coordination, carrying objects, self-expression through movement as well as initiating and inhibiting actions and impulses. The Silence Game is an example of a group activity in which children have to restrain impulses to speak or move for a short period of time in order to report on what they may have experienced in the interim. The particular exercise will be appropriate for any particular child will depend on that child’s individual development and interest. ans it is only possible to give a very general indication as to whether an exercise is ‘early’, ‘immediate or ‘later’. So each and every activity indirectly helps them to develop the language, mathematics movements and social awareness. To give an opportunity to exercise and co-ordinate body movement is one of the aims of the exercises of Practical Life activity. Movement is so important for the young children; children need to move. Movement is very important to the child; because it contributes not only for the physical growth also intellectual and spiritual development of the child. Through Movement, he acts upon his external environment and thus carries out his own personal mission in the world. Movement is not only an impression of the ego but it is an indispensable factor in the development of consciousness, since it is the only real means which places the ego in a clearly defined relationship with external reality. The secret of childhood by Maria Montessori pg-97 Conclusion Practical Life exercises teach children to care for themselves, for others, and for the environment. They involve a wide variety of activities such as carrying objects, walking, polishing, sweeping, dusting, lacing, mainly activities that are done in day to day living. It is divided into four major areas namely: movement, care of self, care of environment, and grac e and courtesy. These activities are Montessori’s response to the child’s need for movement, order, independence, among many others; they are basic activities that enable the child to explore his environment and eventually make him one with it. Through practical life exercises, he learns to refine his movements, becomes conscious of his body and of what his body can do. He learns how to move and act in a socially accepted manner, thus helping him in his task of adaptation. He learns the ways of social living and becomes comfortable and confident in his society. These exercises also teach the child to complete a task following a step-by-step procedure. This sequential ordering of tasks prepares him for the logical task that awaits him in mathematics. Likewise, activities in these areas are presented in isolation in order to help the child focus his attention only on a particular task. Practical Life Exercises refines movement, providing a foundation in early learning, attitudes and dispositions. Practical life exercises also provide children a sense of accomplishment as they engage in real, meaningful work with tangible results.